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Source code:Lib/email/__init__.py

The email package is a library for managing email messages. It isspecifically not designed to do any sending of email messages to SMTP(RFC 2821), NNTP, or other servers; those are functions of modules such assmtplib and nntplib. The email package attempts to be asRFC-compliant as possible, supporting RFC 5322 and RFC 6532, as well assuch MIME-related RFCs as RFC 2045, RFC 2046, RFC 2047, RFC 2183,and RFC 2231.

The overall structure of the email package can be divided into three majorcomponents, plus a fourth component that controls the behavior of the othercomponents.

The central component of the package is an “object model” that represents emailmessages. An application interacts with the package primarily through theobject model interface defined in the message sub-module. Theapplication can use this API to ask questions about an existing email, toconstruct a new email, or to add or remove email subcomponents that themselvesuse the same object model interface. That is, following the nature of emailmessages and their MIME subcomponents, the email object model is a treestructure of objects that all provide the EmailMessageAPI.

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The other two major components of the package are the parser andthe generator. The parser takes the serialized version of anemail message (a stream of bytes) and converts it into a tree ofEmailMessage objects. The generator takes anEmailMessage and turns it back into a serialized bytestream. (The parser and generator also handle streams of text characters, butthis usage is discouraged as it is too easy to end up with messages that arenot valid in one way or another.)

The control component is the policy module. EveryEmailMessage, every generator, and everyparser has an associated policy object thatcontrols its behavior. Usually an application only needs to specify the policywhen an EmailMessage is created, either by directlyinstantiating an EmailMessage to create a new email,or by parsing an input stream using a parser. But the policy canbe changed when the message is serialized using a generator.This allows, for example, a generic email message to be parsed from disk, butto serialize it using standard SMTP settings when sending it to an emailserver.

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The email package does its best to hide the details of the various governingRFCs from the application. Conceptually the application should be able totreat the email message as a structured tree of unicode text and binaryattachments, without having to worry about how these are represented whenserialized. In practice, however, it is often necessary to be aware of atleast some of the rules governing MIME messages and their structure,specifically the names and nature of the MIME “content types” and how theyidentify multipart documents. For the most part this knowledge should only berequired for more complex applications, and even then it should only be thehigh level structure in question, and not the details of how those structuresare represented. Since MIME content types are used widely in modern internetsoftware (not just email), this will be a familiar concept to many programmers.

The following sections describe the functionality of the email package.We start with the message object model, which is the primaryinterface an application will use, and follow that with theparser and generator components. Then we cover thepolicy controls, which completes the treatment of the maincomponents of the library.

The next three sections cover the exceptions the package may raise and thedefects (non-compliance with the RFCs) that the parser maydetect. Then we cover the headerregistry and thecontentmanager sub-components, which provide tools for doing moredetailed manipulation of headers and payloads, respectively. Both of thesecomponents contain features relevant to consuming and producing non-trivialmessages, but also document their extensibility APIs, which will be of interestto advanced applications.

Following those is a set of examples of using the fundamental parts of the APIscovered in the preceding sections.

The foregoing represent the modern (unicode friendly) API of the email package.The remaining sections, starting with the Messageclass, cover the legacy compat32 API that deals much moredirectly with the details of how email messages are represented. Thecompat32 API does not hide the details of the RFCs fromthe application, but for applications that need to operate at that level, theycan be useful tools. This documentation is also relevant for applications thatare still using the compat32 API for backwardcompatibility reasons.

Changed in version 3.6: Docs reorganized and rewritten to promote the newEmailMessage/EmailPolicyAPI.

Contents of the email package documentation:

  • email.parser: Parsing email messages
  • email.contentmanager: Managing MIME Content

Legacy API:

See also

Module smtplib

SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) client

Module poplib

POP (Post Office Protocol) client

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Module imaplib

IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) client

Module nntplib

NNTP (Net News Transport Protocol) client

Module mailbox

Tools for creating, reading, and managing collections of messages on diskusing a variety standard formats.

Module smtpd

SMTP server framework (primarily useful for testing)

Introduction¶

In Python 2.0, the distutils API was first added to the standard library.This provided Linux distro maintainers with a standard way of convertingPython projects into Linux distro packages, and system administrators with astandard way of installing them directly onto target systems.

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In the many years since Python 2.0 was released, tightly coupling the buildsystem and package installer to the language runtime release cycle has turnedout to be problematic, and it is now recommended that projects use thepip package installer and the setuptools build system, rather thanusing distutils directly.

See Installing Python Modules and Distributing Python Modules for more details.

This legacy documentation is being retained only until we’re confident that thesetuptools documentation covers everything needed.

Python Program

Distutils based source distributions¶

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If you download a module source distribution, you can tell pretty quickly if itwas packaged and distributed in the standard way, i.e. using the Distutils.First, the distribution’s name and version number will be featured prominentlyin the name of the downloaded archive, e.g. foo-1.0.tar.gz orwidget-0.9.7.zip. Next, the archive will unpack into a similarly-nameddirectory: foo-1.0 or widget-0.9.7. Additionally, thedistribution will contain a setup script setup.py, and a file namedREADME.txt or possibly just README, which should explain thatbuilding and installing the module distribution is a simple matter of runningone command from a terminal:

For Windows, this command should be run from a command prompt window(Start ‣ Accessories):

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If all these things are true, then you already know how to build and install themodules you’ve just downloaded: Run the command above. Unless you need toinstall things in a non-standard way or customize the build process, you don’treally need this manual. Or rather, the above command is everything you need toget out of this manual.